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2. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;
26: 1565-1574.
3. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence and
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4. Miyagishima K, Hiramitsu S, Kimura H, et al. Long term prognosis of chronic heart failure: reduced vs preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Circ J
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5. Dougherty AH, Naccarelli GV, Gray EL, et al. Congestive heart failure with normal systolic function. Am J Cardiol 1984 1; 54: 778-782.
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3B-7B.
9. Tsutsui H, Tsuchihashi M, Takeshita A. Mortality and readmission of hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure and preserved versus depressed
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fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2010-2027.
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systolic heart failure. Circulation 2009; 119: 62-70.
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hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 55-60.
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2. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;
26: 1565-1574.
3. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence and
mortality in a population-based cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1948-1955.
4. Miyagishima K, Hiramitsu S, Kimura H, et al. Long term prognosis of chronic heart failure: reduced vs preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Circ J
2009; 73: 92-99.
5. Dougherty AH, Naccarelli GV, Gray EL, et al. Congestive heart failure with normal systolic function. Am J Cardiol 1984 1; 54: 778-782.
6. Soufer R, Wohlgelernter D, Vita NA, et al. Intact systolic left ventricular function in clinical congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1985 1; 55: 1032-1036.
7. Senni M, Tribouilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in the community: a study of all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in
1991. Circulation 1998 24; 98: 2282-2289.
8. Francis GS. Development of arrhythmias in the patient with congestive heart failure: pathophysiology, prevalence and prognosis. Am J Cardiol 1986 31; 57:
3B-7B.
9. Tsutsui H, Tsuchihashi M, Takeshita A. Mortality and readmission of hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure and preserved versus depressed
systolic function. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 530-533.
10. Shimizu G, Hirota Y, Kita Y, et al. Left ventricular midwall mechanics in systemic arterial hypertension. Myocardial function is depressed in pressure-
overload hypertrophy. Circulation 1991; 83: 1676-1684.
11. Pinamonti B, Zecchin M, Di Lenarda A, et al. Persistence of restrictive left ventricular filling pattern in dilated cardiomyopathy: an ominous prognostic
sign. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 1; 29: 604-612.
12. Maisel AS, McCord J, Nowak RM, et al. Bedside B-Type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection
fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2010-2027.
13. Januzzi JL, Jr., Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J
Cardiol 2005; 95: 948-954.
14. McKie PM, Rodeheffer RJ, Cataliotti A, et al. Aminoterminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide: biomarkers for mortality in a
large community-based cohort free of heart failure. Hypertension. 2006; 47: 874-880.
15. Yamamoto K, Ni shimura RA, Chal iki HP, et al . Determination of left ventricular filling pressure by Doppler echocardiography in patients with coronary
artery disease: critical role of left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1819-1826.
16. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, et al. Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular
filling pressures: A comparative simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study. Circulation 2000; 102: 1788-1794.
17. Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR. Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy: correlation with direct left atrial pressure measurement at cardiac catheterization. Circulation 2007; 116: 2702-2708.
18. Mullens W, Borowski AG, Curtin RJ, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of intracardiac filling pressure in decompensated patients with advanced
systolic heart failure. Circulation 2009; 119: 62-70.
19. Yamaguchi H, Yoshida J, Yamamoto K, et al. Elevation of plasma brain natriuretic peptide is a hallmark of diastolic heart failure independent of ventricular
hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 55-60.
20. Pritchett AM, Mahoney DW, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and left atrial volume: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 87-92.
21. Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, et al. Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: is measurement of diastolic function necessary to make the diagnosis
of diastolic heart failure? Circulatio 2001; 104: 779-782.
22. Daimon M, Watanabe H, Abe Y, et al. Normal values of echocardiographic parameters in relation to age in a healthy Japanese population: the JAMP study.
Circ J 2008; 72: 1859-1866.
23. Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD, et al. Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Qwave myocardial infarction. Lancet
2001; 357: 21-28.
24. Tei C. New non-invasive index for combined systolic and diastolic ventricular function. J Cardiol 1995; 26: 135-136.
25. Tei C, Dujardin KS, Hodge DO, et al. Doppler index combining systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: clinical value in cardiac amyloidosis. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1996; 28: 658-664.
26. Dujardin KS, Tei C, Yeo TC, et al. Prognostic value of a Doppler index combining systolic and diastolic performance in idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy. Am
J Cardiol 1998; 82: 1071-1076.
27. Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Schwammenthal E, et al. Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography into the mechanism of functional mitral
regurgitation: direct in vivo demonstration of altered leaflet tethering geometry. Circulation 1997; 96: 1999-2008.
28. 泰江弘文．心不全と神経体液性因子．医学書院 1999.
29. 木之下正彦． 心不全と循環ペプチド．CARDIAC PRACTICE 1999.
30. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Ol ivar i MT, et al . Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Eng J Med
1984; 311: 819-823.
31. Rouleau JL, de Champlain J, Klein M, et al. Activation of neurohumoral systems in postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22:
390-398.
32. Kawaguchi H, Kitabatake A. Renin-angiotensin system in failing heart. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 1995; 27: 201-209.
33. Iwai N, Shimoike H, Kinoshita M. Cardiac reninangiotensin system in the hypertrophied heart. Circulation 1995; 92: 2690-2696.
34. Staessen J, Lijnen P, Fagard R, et al. Rise in plasma concentration of aldosterone during long-term angiotensin II suppression. The Journal of
endocrinology 1981; 91: 457-465.
35. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Spironolactone inhibits the transcardiac extraction of aldosterone in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am
Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 838-844.
36. Mizuno Y, Yoshimura M, Yasue H, et al. Aldosterone production is activated in failing ventricle in humans. Circulatio 2001; 103: 72-77.
37. Qin W, Rudolph AE, Bond BR, et al. Transgenic model of aldosterone-driven cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Circulation research 2003; 93: 69-76.
38. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone
Evaluation Study Investigators. N Eng J Med 1999; 341: 709-717.
39. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N
Eng J Med 2003; 348: 1309-1321.
40. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Effect of spironolactone on plasma brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular remodeling in patients with
congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 1228-1233.
41. Hayashi M, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, et al. Immediate administration of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone prevents post-infarct left
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文献
慢性心不全治療ガイドライン（2010年改訂版）
Guidelines for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure（JCS 2010）
Guidelines for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure（JCS 2010）